Spin Seebeck effect at low temperatures in the nominally paramagnetic insulating state of vanadium dioxide

The low temperature monoclinic, insulating phase of vanadium dioxide is ordinarily considered nonmagnetic, with dimerized atoms forming spin singlets, though paramagnetic response seen at temperatures. We find a nonlocal Seebeck signal in VO2 films that appears below 30 K and which increases decreasing temperature. has non-hysteretic dependence on in-plane external magnetic field. This discussed terms prior findings effects expected excitations the monoclinic ground state.